Because of the ambiguity often raised through use of the word ‘including’ and its variants in research papers, it’s better to avoid the word if you don’t absolutely need it. Here are some example alternatives.
Instead of writing something like …
Selection criteria for this clinical trial included x, y and z.
try something like …
Full selection criteria for this clinical trial have been published previously (reference), and the selection criteria relevant to this secondary analysis were x, y and z.
or …
Full selection criteria for this clinical trial are listed in Table x. Noteworthy are the selection criteria of x, y and z.
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